Web手要懂的Linux基础知识

前言

Linux知识众多，发行版又广，为了避免每次着急使查资料的尴尬情况出现，特此将我平时可能用到的命令都记录下来，以方便后面使用。

更新源

Ubuntu

# 备份更新源
mv /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak

# 18.04 阿里源
echo "deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list

# 18.04 清华源
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list

# 16.04 清华源
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list

# 14.04 清华源
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list

# 19.04 清华源
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ disco main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ disco main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ disco-updates main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ disco-updates main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ disco-backports main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ disco-backports main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ disco-security main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ disco-security main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ disco-proposed main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ disco-proposed main restricted universe multiverse" >> /etc/apt/sources.list

Kali

# 备份更新源
mv /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak

# 中科大源
echo "deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib" >> /etc/apt/sources.list

# 浙大源
echo "deb http://mirrors.zju.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling main contrib non-free" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src http://mirrors.zju.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling main contrib non-free" >> /etc/apt/sources.list

# 东软大学
echo "deb http://mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling/main non-free contrib" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src http://mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling/main non-free contrib" >> /etc/apt/sources.list

Debian

# 备份更新源
mv /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak

# Debian 10 buster 网易源
echo "deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ buster main contrib non-free" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ buster-updates main contrib non-free" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ buster-backports main contrib non-free" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian-security buster/updates main contrib non-free" >> /etc/apt/sources.list

# Debian 9 stretch 网易源
echo "deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ stretch main contrib non-free" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ stretch-updates main contrib non-free" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ stretch-backports main contrib non-free" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian-security stretch/updates main contrib non-free" >> /etc/apt/sources.list

# Debian 8 jessie 网易源
echo "deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie main contrib non-free" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie-updates main contrib non-free" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie-backports main contrib non-free" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian-security jessie/updates main contrib non-free" >> /etc/apt/sources.list

CentOS

# 备份更新源
mv /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.bak

# 阿里云的CentOS-Base.repo 到/etc/yum.repos.d/
wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo

# 刷新源
yum update

# 生成缓存
yum makecache

这里我用的是CentOS7的更新源，其他源参考如下：

# CentOS 5 国内源替换
wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-5.repo

# CentOS 6 国内源替换
wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-6.repo

proxychains

安装

Ubuntu/Debian

CentOS

# 下载到指定目录
cd /usr/local/src
git clone https://github.com/rofl0r/proxychains-ng.git
cd proxychains-ng

# 手动编译
./configure
make && make install
make install-config

配置

Kali/Ubuntu/Debian

vim /etc/proxychains.conf

CentOS

vim /usr/local/etc/proxychains.conf

测试

proxychains curl https://www.google.com

zsh

Ubuntu/Kali/Debian安装

# 安装zsh
apt install zsh

# 更改默认shell为zsh
chsh -s /bin/zsh

# 安装oh-my-zsh
sh -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/robbyrussell/oh-my-zsh/master/tools/install.sh)"

# 下载命令补全插件
git clone git://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions $ZSH_CUSTOM/plugins/zsh-autosuggestions

# zshrc配置文件中修改如下内容
plugins=(git zsh-autosuggestions)

# 重新加载zsh配置
zsh

CentOS安装

出来安装使用yum以为，其他配置方法和上面其他发行版系统一样，这里就不再赘述了。

SSH

安装SSH

Ubuntu

# 直接安装报错
 apt install openssh-server

居然报错了，内容如下：

下列软件包有未满足的依赖关系：
 openssh-server : 依赖: openssh-client (= 1:7.6p1-4)
                  依赖: openssh-sftp-server 但是它将不会被安装
                  推荐: ssh-import-id 但是它将不会被安装
E: 无法修正错误，因为您要求某些软件包保持现状，就是它们破坏了软件包间的依赖关系。

手动解决依赖，这里是因为openssh-server是依赖于openssh-clien的，那我们手动安装下指定的版本的openssh-client

# 手动解决依赖
apt install openssh-client=1:7.6p1-4

# 重新安装openssh-server
apt install openssh-server

CentOS

# 安装SSH
yum install openssh-server

Kali/Debian

apt install openssh-server

允许root远程登陆

Ubuntu

# 允许root远程登陆
echo "PermitRootLogin yes" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# SSH开机自启
systemctl enable ssh

# 开启SSH
/etc/init.d/ssh start

CentOS/Debian/Kali

# 允许root远程登陆
echo "PermitRootLogin yes" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# SSH开机自启
systemctl enable sshd

# 开启SSH
systemctl start sshd

ssh连接非22端口

ssh使用公私钥登陆

 # 生成公私钥
 ssh-keygen

 #   到ssh公私钥放的文件夹
 cd /root/.ssh/

 # 将公钥的内容拷贝到authorized_keys文件中
cat id_rsa.pub >> authorized_keys

 # 关闭密码登陆
 echo "PasswordAuthentication no" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config

 # 重启ssh
 /etc/init.d/ssh restart

效果如下：

此时必须使用私钥匙登陆才可以成功：

# 将拷贝下来的私钥设置600权限
chmod 600 ~/Downloads/test_rsa

# 使用私钥登陆
ssh -i ~/Downloads/test_rsa root@10.211.55.9

ssh取消公私钥登陆

# 清空.ssh文件夹
rm -rf /root/.ssh/*

# 允许密码登陆
echo "PasswordAuthentication yes" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# 重启SSH服务
/etc/init.d/ssh restart

scp拷贝文件

 scp 本地文件 用户名@服务器地址:要拷贝的路径

scp拷贝非22端口文件

 scp -P端口 本地文件 用户名@服务器地址:要拷贝的路径

grep

搜索文件内容

# 搜索/home/sqlsec/Desktop/BBS/中的所有php后缀中的password关键词
grep -r "password" --include="*.php"  /home/sqlsec/Desktop/BBS/

# 可以添加多个后缀
grep -r "关键词" --include="*.后缀1"  --include="*.后缀2" 目标路径

# 搜索/home/sqlsec/Desktop/BBS/中的所有php后缀中的password关键词
# 不搜索js后缀
grep -r "password" --include="*.php" --exclude="*.js"  /home/sqlsec/Desktop/BBS/

用户

修改用户密码

# 修改当前用户密码
passwd

# 修改指定用户密码
passwd 用户名

# 修改root密码
sudo passwd

adduser 新建用户

useradd 新建用户

# 创建test用户并自动生成主目录且指定shell为bash
useradd -d /home/test -m test -s /bin/bash

# 设置test用户密码
passwd test

删除用户

# 只删除用户
sudo userdel 用户名

# 连同用户主目录一块删除
sudo userdel -r 用户名

MySQL

Ubuntu

# 安装MySQL客户端
apt install mysql-client

# 安装MySQL服务端
apt install mysql-server

# 启动MySQL
/etc/init.d/mysql start

# 初始化MySQL
sudo mysql_secure_installation

Debian/Kali

# 安装MySQL客户端
apt install mariadb-client

# 安装MySQL服务端
apt install mariadb-server

# 启动MySQL
/etc/init.d/mysql start

# 初始化MySQL
sudo mysql_secure_installation

CentOS

# 安装客户端和服务端 默认root密码为空
yum install mariadb-server

# 启动 mariadb
sudo systemctl start mariadb

# 设置开机自启
sudo systemctl enable mariadb

# 查看mariadb状态
sudo systemctl status mariadb

# 初始化MySQL
sudo mysql_secure_installation

允许root远程登陆

# 允许root外部访问连接
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '这里是root密码' WITH GRANT OPTION;

# 刷新权限
FLUSH PRIVILEGES; 

连接非3306默认端口

mysql -h目标IP地址 -u用户名 -p密码 -P端口
mysql -h10.211.55.9 -uroot -ppassword -P 33060